This chapter briefly discusses the growth of complex electrical power networks. It introduces the lack of controllability of the active- and reactive-power flows in energized networks. These flows tend to diffuse in the network, depending primarily on the impedance of power lines. This chapter also describes the conventional controlled systems, such as automatic governor control and excitation control employed at generating stations. Transformer tap-changer control is another control feature generally available in transmission networks. Arising from the transformer combinations and the use of on-load tap changers, phase-shifting transformers are realized, which are primarily used to mitigate circulating power on network tie-lines.
This introduction and the recognition of limited controllability provide the basis for introducing the concept of the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS). Since newly developed FACTS devices rely on the advances made in semiconductor components and the resulting power-electronic devices, these, too, are introduced.
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Book: Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers For Electrical Transmission Systems
Author: R. Mohan Mathur & Rajiv K. Varma
The rapid growth in electrical energy use, combined with the demand for low cost energy, has gradually led to the development of generation sites remotely located from the load centers. In particular, the remote generating stations include hydroelectric stations, which exploit sites with higher heads and significant water flows; fossil fuel stations, located close to coal mines; geothermal stations and tidal-power plants, which are site bound; and, sometimes, nuclear power plants purposely built distant from urban centers. The generation of bulk power at remote locations necessitates the use of transmission lines to connect generation sites to load centers. Furthermore, to enhance system reliability, multiple lines that connect load centers to several sources, interlink neighboring utilities, and build the needed levels of redundancy have gradually led to the evolution of complex interconnected electrical transmission networks. These networks now exist on all continents.
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